Pink Floyd Biography
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Pink Floyd
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| Pink Floyd | |
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 Pink Floyd in 1968 (from left to right):
Nick Mason, Syd Barrett, David Gilmour (seated in front), Roger Waters, Richard Wright |
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| Background information | |
| Origin | Cambridge and London, UK |
| Genres | Progressive rock, psychedelic rock (early) |
| Years active | 1965–1996, 2005, 2007 |
| Labels | EMI, Harvest, Capitol, Tower, Columbia |
| Associated acts | Sigma 6, Joker's Wild |
| Website | www.pinkfloyd.co.uk www.pinkfloyd.com |
| Former members | |
| Bob Klose Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour |
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Pink Floyd were an English rock band who, in the late 1960s, earned recognition for their psychedelic and space rock music, and in the 1970s, as they evolved, for their progressive rock music. Pink Floyd's work is marked by philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, innovative album cover art, and elaborate live shows. One of rock music's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful acts, the group has sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 74.5 million certified units in the United States.
Pink Floyd were formed in 1965, soon after Syd Barrett joined The Tea Set, a group that consisted of architecture students Nick Mason, Roger Waters, Richard Wright and Bob Klose. Klose left shortly after, but the group had moderate mainstream success and were a popular fixture on London's underground music scene. The erratic behaviour of Barrett prompted his colleagues to add guitarist and singer David Gilmour to the line-up. Following Barrett's departure, bass player and singer Roger Waters became the lyricist and dominant figure in the band, which thereafter achieved worldwide critical and commercial success with the concept albums The Dark Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, Animals, and rock opera The Wall.
Wright left the band in 1979, and Waters in 1985, but Gilmour and Mason (joined by Wright) continued recording and touring under the name Pink Floyd. Waters used legal means to try to keep them from using the name, declaring Pink Floyd a spent force, but the parties reached an out-of-court settlement allowing Gilmour, Mason and Wright to continue as Pink Floyd. The band again enjoyed worldwide success with A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994), and Waters continued as a solo musician, releasing three studio albums. Although for some years relations between Waters and the remaining three members were sour, the band reformed for what would be a final one-off performance at Live 8.
Contents
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History
Early years (1963–1967)
Nick Mason (b. 27 January 1944)1 and Roger Waters (b. 6 September 1943)2 met at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London, where both were studying architecture. They spoke for the first time in 1963, when Waters asked to borrow Mason's car. Mason played drums in a band called The Hotrods in his teenage years, and Waters played guitar. Both were avid fans of Radio Luxembourg and their shared tastes led to a friendship based on a mutual appreciation of music.3
The pair first played together in a band formed by Keith Noble and Clive Metcalfe, along with Noble's sister Sheilagh, an occasional singer. They were joined later by fellow student Richard Wright (b. 28 July 1943).4 With the addition of Wright the band became a sextet, and took the name Sigma 6.5 Wright's girlfriend Juliette Gale was often a guest artist, and Waters initially played rhythm guitar, before moving to bass. Early gigs were for private functions, and the band rehearsed in a tearoom in the basement of Regent Street Polytechnic. Sigma 6 played songs by The Searchers as well as material written by fellow student Ken Chapman, who became their manager and songwriter.5 Wright taught himself to play guitar aged 12, and also played trumpet and piano,6 but uncertain about his future he had enrolled at Regent Street Polytechnic in 1962.7 He took private lessons in musical theory and composition at the Eric Gilder School of Music,5 and although Mason and Waters were competent students, Wright found architecture of little interest and after only a year of study moved to the London College of Music.6
In September 1963 Mason and Waters moved into the lower flat of Stanhope Gardens, which was owned by Mike Leonard, a part-time tutor at the Regent Street Polytechnic. Leonard was a designer of light machines (perforated discs spun by electric motors to cast patterns of lights on the walls; these would be demonstrated in an early edition of Tomorrow's World), and for a time played keyboard with the band. They used the front room of the flat for rehearsals.8 Mason later moved out of the flat, and accomplished guitar player Bob Klose moved in. The band's name was changed several times, from the Megadeaths, to the Architectural Abdabs, and the Tea Set.89 Metcalfe and Noble left the band shortly thereafter.10
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In a period when everyone was being cool in a very adolescent, self-concious way, Syd was unfashionably outgoing; my enduring memory of our first encounter is the fact that he bothered to come up and introduce himself to me.
—Nick Mason11
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Syd Barrett, then aged 17,2 arrived in London in the autumn of 1963, to study at Camberwell College of Art.1211 He had been encouraged from an early age to play instruments such as the piano, the banjo, and the guitar, by his father—who died when Barrett was 14 years old. Keen to help her son recover from his grief, Barrett's mother encouraged his band, The Mottoes, to perform in their front room. Waters and Barrett were childhood friends, and Waters often visited such gigs.13 Barrett joined the Tea Set in 1964, and moved into Stanhope Gardens alongside Klose and Waters.10
As "The Pink Floyd Sound"
With the Tea Set lacking the vocals of Noble and Metcalfe, Klose introduced them to Chris Dennis, a technician with the Royal Air Force.14 During Dennis' tenure, the Tea Set acquired an alternative name—the Pink Floyd Sound.nb 1 Derived from the given names of two blues musicians that Barrett had in his record collection—Pink Anderson and Floyd Council,15 Barrett created it on the spur of the moment, when he discovered that another band, also named Tea Set, were to perform at one of their gigs.16
Dennis was posted to Bahrain, thrusting Barrett into the spotlight as frontman.14 Minus Wright—who had taken a break from studying—they acquired studio time between 1964–1965, and recorded promotional material which included a cover version of "I'm a King Bee" as well as several songs written by Barrett. Meanwhile, Wright had recorded and published a song called "You're The Reason Why", for which he was paid an advance fee of £75. The Pink Floyd Sound later became the resident band at the Countdown Club near Kensington High Street in London, and played three sets of 90 minutes, from late at night until early the following morning. According to Mason, this period "… was the beginning of a realisation that songs could be extended with lengthy solos."17 The band auditioned for the ITV programme Ready Steady Go! (whose producers expressed enough interest to invite them back into the studio audience the following week), and also for another club, and two rock contests. Bob Klose left in 1965, at the behest of his father and college tutors,18 and Barrett took over on lead guitar.19
The Pink Floyd Sound began to receive paid bookings, including one performance at the Marquee Club in March 1966, where they were watched by Peter Jenner. The band played mostly rhythm and blues songs, but Jenner was impressed with the strange acoustic effects that Barrett and Wright created during their performance.16 Jenner traced Waters and Mason to their flat,20 and with his business partner and friend Andrew King was subsequently invited to become their manager. Although the pair had little experience of the music industry, they shared an appreciation of music, as well as a childhood history. Using inherited money they set up Blackhill Enterprises and purchased new instruments and equipment for the band, including a Selmer PA system.21 Under their guidance, the band began performing on London's underground music scene, including at a venue booked by the London Free School in Notting Hill. At the All Saints Hall they were confronted by an audience whose members were often under the influence of drugs, and who arrived with few or no expectations.22
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At the launching of the new magazine IT the other night a pop group called the Pink Floyd played throbbing music while a series of bizarre coloured shapes flashed on a huge screen behind them. Someone had made a mountain of jelly which people ate at midnight and another person had parked his motorbike in the middle of the room. All apparently very psychedelic.
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The band felt encouraged to work on the instrumental excursions they had experimented with at the Countdown Club, and rudimentary light shows projected by coloured slides and domestic lights were used to powerful effect.2425 To celebrate the launch of the Free School's magazine International Times, they performed at the opening of The Roundhouse, attended by a 2,000-strong crowd which included such celebrities as Alexander Trocchi, Paul McCartney, and Marianne Faithfull.26 Jenner and King's diverse array of social connections were meritorious, gaining the band important coverage in The Financial Times and The Sunday Times.27
The band's relationship with Blackhill Enterprises was strengthened when they became full partners, each holding an unprecedented one-sixth share.21 By October 1966 the band's set included more of their own material,25 and they were playing more gigs at venues such as the Commonwealth Institute.28 Their music was not to everyone's taste however; following a performance at a Catholic youth club, the owner refused to pay. At the magistrates' court, the judge agreed with the owner, who claimed that the band's performance "wasn't music".29 This was not the only occasion on which they encountered such entrenched opinions, but they were better received at the UFO Club in London, a venue they enjoyed, and where they used the in-house lighting to good effect.30 Barrett's performances were reportedly exuberant, "… leaping around and the madness, and the kind of improvisation he was doing … he was inspired. He would constantly manage to get past his limitations and into areas that were very, very interesting. Which none of the others could do."31 The often drug-addled audience was receptive to the music they played, but the band remained conspicuously drug-free —"We were out of it, not on acid, but out of the loop, stuck in the dressing room at UFO."32
Although in 1967 Mason admitted that the psychedelic movement had "taken place around us—not within us",33 the Pink Floyd Sound were present at the head of a wave of interest in this new style of music. There was substantial interest from record companies, and steered by Joe Boyd in January 1967 they recorded several songs at Sound Techniques in West Hampstead, including "Arnold Layne", and a version of "Interstellar Overdrive". They also travelled to Sussex and recorded a short music film for "Arnold Layne". Despite early interest from Polydor, the band signed with EMI with a £5,000 advance, and Boyd was unfortunately left out of the deal.3435
Signing with EMI
The demands of live performances, academic study, and regular paid work, were incompatible, and prompted Waters to leave his job as an architect; Wright had long-since devoted his time purely to music; Barrett stopped attending the Camberwell College of Art; and Mason took a sabbatical from college. The band's links to psychedelia concerned EMI so much that the band gave several interviews with the press, so as to distance themselves from such associations. "Arnold Layne" became their first single, released on 11 March 1967.36 It was banned by several radio stations for its vague references to sexual perversions, but due to some creative manipulation at the shops which supplied sales figures to the music industry, it peaked at #20 in the UK charts.37
Pink Floyd (the definite article was dropped at some point in 1967)38 replaced their ageing Bedford van with a Ford Transit,39 and used it to travel to over two hundred gigs in 1967 (a ten-fold increase on the previous year). They were joined by road manager Peter Wynne Willson, with whom Barrett had previously shared a flat.40 Willson updated the band's lighting rig with innovative ideas such as the use of polarisers, mirrors, and stretched condoms.41 On one occasion the group's van was stopped by police, who were surprised to see one of the roadies working his way through a pile of condoms with a pair of scissors.31 Some venues were hostile to rock bands, and insisted on raised auditorium lighting—a problem the band often solved with the use of an air-rifle.37 The rigours of touring were not without their own rewards; finances were tight, so much so that on one ferry crossing one of the roadies bet Waters £20 that he would crawl from one end of the boat to the other, barking like a dog—a bet he subsequently won.42
"See Emily Play" was Pink Floyd's second release, recorded at Sound Techniques in London.43 It was initially called "Games for May", and premièred at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London over a month before its release on 16 June 1967.44 They premièred a device built for them by an Abbey Road engineer, known as an Azimuth co-ordinator (an early quadraphonic system). Their use of a bubble machine and the scattering of flowers resulted in a ban from the hall. They performed on the BBC's Look of the Week, in which they faced rigorous questioning from Hans Keller. Along with Waters, Barrett appeared erudite and engaging.45 The single fared slightly better than "Arnold Layne", and after two weeks was at #17 in the charts. The band mimed the single on the BBC's Top Of The Pops, and returned for another performance when the single climbed to #5. A scheduled third appearance was cancelled when Barrett refused to perform.43 At about this time the other band members began to notice changes in Barrett's behaviour.46 By early 1967 he was regularly using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a psychedelic drug, and although initially it seemed to lead to further inspiration and creativity,47 at an earlier show in Holland, Mason observed Barrett to be "completely distanced from everything going on, whether simply tripping or suffering from a more organic neural disturbance I still have no idea."46
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
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The band's agent, Bryan Morrison, had been instrumental in negotiating their contract with EMI through producer Norman Smith, and the band were obliged48 to record their first album at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London.49 Although in his 2005 autobiography Mason recalled the sessions as relatively trouble-free, Smith disagreed, and claimed that Barrett was unresponsive to his suggestions and constructive criticism. They experimented with musique concrète, and were at one point invited to watch The Beatles record "Lovely Rita".50 Jeff Jarrett was a tape operator at the time, and enthused about their live performances. Both Jarrett and Waters have since surmised that the band's psychedelic take on music may not have been entirely compatible with the more conventional arrangements preferred by Smith.51
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn was released in August 1967. Pink Floyd continued to perform at the UFO Club drawing huge crowds, but Barrett's deterioration caused them serious concern. The band initially hoped that his erratic behaviour was a phase that would pass, but others, including Jenner and June Child,nb 2 were more realistic:
… I found him in the dressing room and he was so … gone. Roger Waters and I got him on his feet, we got him out to the stage … and of course the audience went spare because they loved him. The band started to play and Syd just stood there. He had his guitar around his neck and his arms just hanging down.—June Child, 53
To the band's consternation, they cancelled a performance at the Windsor Jazz Festival, and informed the music press that Barrett was suffering from 'nervous exhaustion'. Jenner and Waters arranged for Barrett to see a psychiatrist—a meeting he did not attend. He was sent to Formentera with Sam Hutt (a doctor well-established in the underground music scene) but later showed no signs of improvement. A few dates in September were followed by the band's first tour of the United States,54 and in his capacity as tour manager Andrew King travelled to New York to begin preparations. The tour suffered serious problems. Visas had not arrived, prompting a series of "hasty" phone calls and the cancellation of the first six dates.55 Elektra Records had turned Pink Floyd down, and so the band were by default handled by EMI's sister company, Capitol, which assigned them to their subsidiary, Tower Records. Tower released a truncated version of The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (which allowed them to release the missing tracks separately) on the same date as the band's American première at The Fillmore in California, on 26 October 1967. Communication between company and band was almost non-existent, and Pink Floyd's relationship with Tower and Capitol was therefore poor. Barrett's mental condition mirrored the problems that King encountered;56 when the band performed at the Winterland Ballroom, he detuned his guitar during "Interstellar Overdrive" until the strings fell off. His odd behaviour grew worse during further performances, and during a recording for The Pat Boone Show he confounded the director by miming the song perfectly during the rehearsal, and then standing motionless during the take. King quickly curtailed their visit to the US, sending them home on the next flight.57 At one point, Waters found Barrett asleep in his motel room, a cigarette burning through his fingers (a scene that would later inspire a shot in their 1982 film The Wall).citation needed Shortly after their return from the US, beginning 14 November the band supported Jimi Hendrix on a tour of England,57 but on one occasion when Barrett failed to turn up they were forced to replace him with David O'List.54 Barrett's depression worsened the longer the tour continued.58 Wynne Willson left his role as lighting manager at the end of the Hendrix tour, and allied himself with Barrett, whose position as frontman was now becoming insecure. He was replaced by John Marsh.59 Pink Floyd released "Apples and Oranges", but for the rest of the band Barrett's condition had reached a crisis point, and they responded by adding a new member to their line-up.54
Introduction of Gilmour and departure of Barrett (1968)
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The idea was that Dave would be Syd's dep. and cover for his eccentricities. And when that got to be not workable, Syd was just going to write. Just to try to keep him involved, but in a way where the others could work and function.
—Peter Jenner60
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David Gilmour (b. 6 March 1946)61 was already acquainted with Barrett, having studied modern language in the early 1960s at Cambridge Tech while Barrett studied art. Gilmour had started playing guitar aged thirteen,13 and the two played together at lunchtimes, with guitars and harmonicas. They later hitch-hiked and busked their way around the south of France.62 Gilmour had also seen the Tea Set perform while playing in Jokers Wild, at a party in Cambridge in October 1965.63 At an event near the end of 1967 the band asked Gilmour to become the fifth member of Pink Floyd. By coincidence Barrett had already suggested adding four new members, in the words of Roger Waters, "… two freaks he'd met somewhere. One of them played the banjo, the other the saxophone … [and] a couple of chick singers".64 Steve O'Rourke, one of Bryan Morrison's assistants, gave Gilmour a room at his house, and he was promised a salary of £30 per week.65 One of Gilmour's first steps as a member of Pink Floyd was to purchase a custom-made yellow Fender Stratocaster from an oft-frequented music shop in Cambridge; the instrument became one of Gilmour's favourite guitars throughout his career with Pink Floyd. Blackhill officially announced Gilmour as the fifth member of Pink Floyd in January 1968.66 To the general public he was now the second guitarist, but privately the rest of the band saw him as Barrett's replacement, as the latter's performances continued to ebb. One of Gilmour's first duties was to pretend to play a guitar on an "Apples and Oranges" promotional film.66
In a demonstration of his frustration at being effectively sidelined, Barrett tried to teach the band a new song "Have You Got It Yet?", but changed the structure on each performance—making it impossible for them to learn. Matters came to a head on the day they were due to perform in Southampton. When somebody in the van asked if they should collect Barrett, the response was "No, fuck it, let's not bother".65
Waters later admitted "He was our friend, but most of the time we now wanted to strangle him".67 For a while Barrett still turned up to the occasional gig, apparently confused as to what was happening in the band.67 As a result of his de facto removal, Pink Floyd's partnership with Peter Jenner and Andrew King was dissolved in March 1968. Barrett's departure was officially announced on 6 April 1968.68 Jenner and King, who believed that the creative spirit of Pink Floyd derived almost entirely from Barrett, decided to represent him, and ended their relationship with Pink Floyd. Bryan Morrison then agreed that Steve O'Rourke should become Pink Floyd's manager.69 Waters was determined not to let Barrett's removal destroy the band,70 but although the changeover between Barrett and Gilmour was something of a relief, it was also a difficult time for Gilmour, who was forced to mime to Barrett's voice on the group's European television appearances. Although Barrett had been their main songwriter, Waters and Wright created new material, such as "It Would Be So Nice", and "Careful With That Axe, Eugene". "It Would Be So Nice" was a commercial failure despite some controversy over the inclusion of the words The Evening Standard in the lyrics. The BBC refused to broadcast the song, and the band had to spend extra money in the studio to change the word 'evening' to 'daily'.71 They developed their new material while playing on the University circuit, and were joined by road manager Peter Watts before touring across Europe in 1968.72
Classic lineup (1968–1979)
A Saucerful of Secrets
In 1968 the band returned to Abbey Road Studios with Smith, to record their second studio album. They already had several songs recorded with Barrett, including "Jugband Blues" (his final contribution to their discography). Waters wrote three songs, "Let There Be More Light", "Corporal Clegg" (which alludes to Waters' obsession with war and the military), and "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun". Wright contributed "See-Saw" and "Remember a Day". The band continued the experimentation seen on The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, recording some material at their homes, a process that Smith encouraged. He remained unconvinced by their music, but played drums on "Remember a Day" when Mason struggled with the song.73
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Norman gave up on the second album … he was forever saying things like, "You can't do twenty minutes of this ridiculous noise."
—Richard Wright74
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Neither Waters nor Mason could read music, and both created the album's title track "A Saucerful of Secrets" by inventing their own system of notation—something which Gilmour later would comment looked "… like an architectural diagram".75 A Saucerful of Secrets was released in June 1968 to mixed reviews; Record Mirror wrote positively, urging listeners to "forget it as background music to a party",75 and John Peel claimed that the album was "… like a religious experience …",75 however NME was viewed the title track as "… long and boring, and has little to warrant its monotonous direction".75 The album cover was designed by Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis.nb 3 On the same day the album was released the band performed at the first free Hyde Park concert (organised by Blackhill Enterprises), with Roy Harper and Jethro Tull. Bryan Morrison later sold his business to NEMS Enterprises, and Steve O'Rourke became Pink Floyd's personal manager.77 O'Rourke was considered by the band as a "great deal-maker", whose business acumen overshadowed his lack of interest in aesthetic matters. Thus the band were able to take complete control of their artistic outlook.78 The band returned to the US for their first major tour, accompanied by Soft Machine and The Who.77
Soundtracks
In 1968 the group worked on the score for The Committee, and just before Christmas that year released "Point Me At The Sky". It was no more successful than the two singles they had released since "See Emily Play", and it was to become the band's only single for several more years79 ("Apples and Oranges" was not released in the US).80 In 1969 the band composed the soundtrack for More, directed by Barbet Schroeder. The work proved important; not only did it pay well, but along with A Saucerful of Secrets81 the material they created would become part of their live shows for some time thereafter. A tour of the UK followed through the spring 1969, ending at the Royal Festival Hall in July 1969. It was memorable for the band, but more so for Gilmour who was thrown across the stage by an electric shock caused by poor earthing.79 The performances, built around two long pieces called The Man and The Journey,82 were enhanced with performance art created by artist Peter Dockley, and some of the sound effects were later used on 1970's "Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast".79
While composing the soundtrack for Zabriskie Point (directed by Michaelangelo Antonioni) the band spent almost a month in a luxury hotel in Rome. Waters has since claimed that the work could have been completed in less than a week, but for Antonioni's continuous changes to the music. Eventually he used recordings by the Grateful Dead, The Youngbloods, Patti Page, and the Rolling Stones, but three of Pink Floyd's contributions remained. One of the pieces turned down by Antonioni would eventually become "Us and Them" on Pink Floyd's 1973 The Dark Side of the Moon. The band also did some work on the soundtrack for a proposed cartoon series called Rollo, but a lack of funds meant that the series was never produced, and away from Pink Floyd, Waters scored the soundtrack to the 1970 film The Body (directed by Ron Geesin).83
Ummagumma and Atom Heart Mother
Pink Floyd's next album was something of a departure from their previous work. Ummagumma, a double-LP released on EMI's Harvest label, contained barely any new compositions. The first two sides of the album were live acts, recorded at Manchester College of Commerce and at Mother's Club in Birmingham. For the second LP, each member was given one half of each side on which to experiment. The album was released to positive reviews in October 1969.84
Ummagumma was quickly followed by 1970's Atom Heart Mother. The album apes the work produced at the time by groups such as Deep Purple and Emerson, Lake and Palmer. The band's previous LPs had been recorded using a four-track system, however Atom Heart Mother was their first to use eight tracks of audio.85 An early version was premièred in France in January 1970, but disagreements over its direction prompted the arrival of Ron Geesin, who worked for about a month to improve the score. Production was troublesome, with little creative input from the band, but with the aid of John Aldiss the album was eventually completed. Gilmour has since dismissed Atom Heart Mother as "a load of rubbish",86 and Waters was similarly dismissive, claiming that he wouldn't mind if it were "thrown into the dustbin and never listened to by anyone ever again."86 Norman Smith was given only an executive producer credit, his final contribution to the band's discography.87 With Thorgerson's distinctive image of a cow on the front cover, Atom Heart Mother was nevertheless massively successful in the UK,88 and was premièred at the Bath Festival on 27 June 1970.89
In 1971 they took second place in a poll of readers by Melody Maker (behind Emerson, Lake and Palmer), and for the first time in their history were making a profit. However the theft in New Orleans of equipment worth about $40,000 almost crippled the band's finances. The local police were unhelpful, but within hours of notifying the FBI the equipment was returned. Both Mason and Wright were now fathers, and both bought homes in London. Gilmour, still unmarried, moved to a 19th-century farm in Essex. At his house in Islington, Waters installed a home recording studio in a converted tool-shed at the bottom of his garden, shared with his wife, a potter.90
Meddle
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Meddle is sometimes considered to be a transitional album between the Barrett influenced band and the modern Pink Floyd.9192 The groups's other releases during this period, More and Zabriski Point, were soundtracks, and Atom Heart Mother was influenced as much by Ron Geesin and the session artists as it was by the band.93
Returning from touring Atom Heart Mother, at the start of 1971 the band started work on new material at Abbey Road,94 and several other studios in London.95 While they lacked a central theme for the project, the band carried out several experiments in a divergent attempt to spur the creative process, but the process was largely unproductive; after several weeks no complete songs had been created.96 Engineer John Leckie described Pink Floyd's sessions as often beginning in the afternoon, and ending early the next morning, "during which time nothing would get done. There was no record company contact whatsoever, except when their label manager would show up now and again with a couple of bottles of wine and a couple of joints."97 The band would apparently spend long periods of time working on simple sounds, or a particular guitar riff. They also spent several days at Air Studios, attempting to create music using a variety of household objects, a project which would be revisited between The Dark Side of the Moon and Wish You Were Here.98
Meddle was recorded between the band's various concert commitments, and therefore its production was spread over a considerable period of time.95 The band recorded in the first half of April, but in the latter half played at Doncaster and Norwich before returning to record at the end of the month. In May they split their time between sessions at Abbey Road, and rehearsals and concerts in London, Lancaster, Stirling, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Nottingham. June and July were spent mainly performing at venues across Europe.9599 August was spent in the far east and Australia, September in Europe, and October to November in the US.95 In the same period the band also produced Relics, a compilation album of some of Pink Floyd's earlier works.100 A quadraphonic mix of the album was prepared at Command Studios on 21 and 26 September, but remains unreleased.101102
The band again worked with Barbet Schroeder on La Vallée, although the soundtrack album was called Obscured by Clouds. The material was composed in about a week, at the Château d'Hérouville near Paris. The album was their first to break into the top 50 on the US Billboard chart.103
The Dark Side of the Moon
Following the release of Meddle, in December 1971 the band assembled for an upcoming tour of Britain, Japan, and the United States. Rehearsing in London, there was the looming prospect of a new album,104 and Waters proposed that it should deal with things that "make people mad", and that it could also form part of the tour.105106 All four participated in the writing and production of the new material.107 Parts of the new album were taken from previously unused material on The Body,108 and Zabriskie Point.109 The material was given the provisional title of The Dark Side of the Moon (an allusion to lunacy, rather than astronomy),110 but on discovering that that title had already been used by the blues rock group Medicine Head, it was temporarily changed to Eclipse. Medicine Head's album was a commercial failure, and so the title changed back to the band's original preference.111112
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The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, in two sessions, between May 1972 and January 1973. The band were assigned staff engineer Alan Parsons.113114 They spent much of 1972 touring the new material,115 and returned in January 1973 to complete recording. Female vocalists were assembled to sing on various tracks, and saxophonist Dick Parry was also booked. The band also filmed studio footage for Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii.116 Once the recording sessions were complete, the band began a tour of Europe.117
The album is notable for the use of short sections of interviews that Waters recorded with some of the studio's occupants. Roadie Chris Adamson recorded the explicit diatribe that opens the album—"I've been mad for fucking years—absolutely years".118 The closing words "there is no dark side of the Moon really … as a matter of fact it's all dark" came from the studios' Irish doorman, Gerry O'Driscoll.119 Producer Chris Thomas was also hired, to provide 'a fresh pair of ears'.120 Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album, including the perfect timing of the echo used on "Us and Them". He was also present for the recording of "The Great Gig in the Sky".121 Packaging was designed by Hipgnosis, and bore George Hardie's iconic refracting prism on the cover.122 Since Barrett's departure the burden of lyrical composition had fallen mostly on Waters' shoulders.123 He is therefore credited as the author of the album's lyrics.124
Generally, the press were enthusiastic; Melody Maker's Roy Hollingworth described side one as: "… so utterly confused with itself it was difficult to follow", but went on to praise side two, writing "The songs, the sounds, the rhythms were solid and sound, Saxophone hit the air, the band rocked and rolled, and then gushed and tripped away into the night."125 In his 1973 album review for Rolling Stone magazine, Lloyd Grossman wrote: "a fine album with a textural and conceptual richness that not only invites, but demands involvement".126
The Dark Side of the Moon was released in March 1973. It became an instant chart success in Britain and throughout Western Europe.127 The album became the band's first #1 on US charts and is one of the biggest-selling albums in US history.128 Throughout March 1973 it featured as part of their US tour, including a midnight performance at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on 17 March.129130 The success of the album brought previously unknown wealth to all four members of the band; Richard Wright and Roger Waters bought large country houses, and Nick Mason became a collector of upmarket cars.131 Much of the album's early stateside success has been attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd's US record company, Capitol Records. Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon reversed the relatively poor performance of the band's previous US releases, but, disenchanted with Capitol, the band and manager O'Rourke negotiated a new contract with Columbia Records. The Dark Side of the Moon was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract.132 Menon's efforts to secure a contract renewal with Pink Floyd were in vain, and the band signed for Columbia with a reported advance fee of $1M ($4,794,891 today), while in Britain and Europe they continued to be represented by Harvest Records.133
Wish You Were Here
They returned to the studio in the first week of 1975.134 Alan Parsons had declined the band's offer to continue working with them (instead becoming successful in his own right with The Alan Parsons Project).120 The group had worked with Brian Humphries on More—recorded at Pye Studios135—and again in 1974.136 He was therefore the natural choice to work on the band's new material.137 The group initially found it difficult to devise any new material, especially as the success of Dark Side of the Moon had left all four physically and emotionally drained. Rick Wright has since described these early sessions as "falling within a difficult period", and Waters found them "torturous".138 Mason found the process of multi-track recording drawn out and tedious,139 and Gilmour was more interested in improving the band's existing material. Mason's marriage was failing, bringing on in him a general malaise and sense of apathy, which interfered with his drumming.138
It was a very difficult period I have to say. All your childhood dreams had been sort of realized and we had the biggest selling records in the world and all the things you got into it for. The girls and the money and the fame and all that stuff it was all ... everything had sort of come our way and you had to reassess what you were in it for thereafter, and it was a pretty confusing and sort of empty time for a while ...—David Gilmour, 140
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After several weeks however Waters began to visualise another concept.138 During 1974 they had sketched out three new compositions; "Raving and Drooling", "Gotta Be Crazy", and "Shine On You Crazy Diamond",141 and had performed them at a series of concerts in France and England.134 These new compositions were at least a starting point for a new album, and Shine On You Crazy Diamond seemed a reasonable choice as a centrepiece for the new work. The opening four note guitar phrase, composed entirely by accident by Gilmour,142 reminded Waters of the lingering ghost of former band-member Syd Barrett.143 "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" would be split into two, and two new songs would be sandwiched between its two halves.144 "Welcome to the Machine" and "Have a Cigar" were barely-veiled attacks on the music business, their lyrics working neatly with "Shine On" to provide an apt summary of the rise and fall of Barrett;145 "Because I wanted to get as close as possible to what I felt ... that sort of indefinable, inevitable melancholy about the disappearance of Syd."143 "Raving and Drooling" and "Gotta Be Crazy" had no place in the new concept, and were set aside.146
On 5 June 1975, Gilmour married his first wife, Ginger, and it was also the eve of Pink Floyd's second tour of the US that year.nb 4 The band were in the process of completing a final mix of "Shine On",nb 5 when an overweight man entered the room. Initially, none of the band recognised the visitor, but it soon became apparent that it was Barrett.142148149 In Inside Out (2005) Mason recalled Barrett's conversation as 'desultory and not entirely sensible'.150 Storm Thorgerson later reflected on Barrett's presence: "Two or three people cried. He sat round and talked for a bit but he wasn't really there."151 Waters was reportedly deeply upset by the sight of his former band-mate, who was asked by fellow visitor Andrew King how he had managed to gain so much weight. Barrett said he had a large refrigerator in his kitchen, and that he had been eating lots of pork chops. He also mentioned that he was ready to avail the band of his services, but on listening to the mix of "Shine On" showed no sign of understanding its relevance to his plight. He joined the guests at Gilmour's wedding reception in the EMI canteen, but later left without saying goodbye. None of the band members saw him from that day to his death in 2006.152
Storm Thorgerson thought that the songs were, in general, concerned with "unfulfilled presence", rather than Barrett's illness.153 He concealed the artwork with a dark-coloured shrink-wrap (making the album art "absent"). The cover image was inspired by the idea that people tend to conceal their true feelings, for fear of "getting burned", and thus two businessmen were pictured shaking hands, one man on fire.154155156157
Much of Wish You Were Here was premièred on 5 July 1975 at an open-air music festival at Knebworth, but the performance was savaged by critics.158 The album was released in September 1975159 In Britain it went straight to #1,160 and it reached #1 on the Billboard chart in its second week.160 Robert Christgau was positive in his review, writing "... the music is not only simple and attractive, with the synthesizer used mostly for texture and the guitar breaks for comment, but it actually achieves some of the symphonic dignity (and cross-referencing) that The Dark Side of the Moon simulated so ponderously."161
Animals
Following the Knebworth concert, the band bought a three-storey block of church halls at 35 Britannia Row in Islington. Their deal with EMI for unlimited studio time in return for a reduced percentage of sales had expired, and they set about converting the building into a recording studio, and storage facility. The studio would be on the ground floor, with the storage facility above, necessitating the installation of a hoist to move the band's equipment in and out of the building. The top floor became an office, equipped with a pool table. The band also envisaged hiring their equipment out, but the hire business was unsuccessful and would later be taken over by Brian Grant and Robbie Williams.162 The studio however was more successful. Its construction took up most of 1975, and in 1976 the band recorded their eighth studio album, Animals at the new facility.163
Animals was born from another Waters concept, where the human race was reduced to dogs, pigs, and sheep. The idea was borrowed from George Orwell's Animal Farm, but in Waters' version the sheep eventually rise up to overpower their oppressors.164 Brian Humphries was again called upon to engineer the album. Two tracks previously considered for Wish You Were Here—"Raving and Drooling" and "Gotta Be Crazy"—reappeared as "Sheep" and "Dogs" respectively. Snowy White was asked to record a guitar solo on "Pigs on the Wing", which although cut from the vinyl release was included on the eight-track cartridge version of the album.163 The album was completed in December 1976, and work began on its cover. Hipgnosis took responsibility and offered three ideas, but unusually the final concept was designed by Waters. At the time he lived near Clapham Common, and regularly drove past Battersea Power Station, by then approaching the end of its useful life. The building was chosen as the subject of the cover image, and the band commissioned a 30 feet (9.1 m) porcine balloon (known as Algie). The balloon was inflated with helium and manoeuvred into position on 2 December, with a trained marksman ready to fire if it escaped. Unfortunately inclement weather delayed shooting, and O'Rourke had neglected to book the marksman for a second day. The balloon broke free of its moorings and ascended into the sky. It eventually landed in Kent, and was recovered by a local farmer, reportedly furious that it had "apparently scared his cows."165 Shooting continued for a third day, but the image of the pig was later superimposed onto the cover photograph as the early photographs of the power station were considered to be better.165166
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The division of royalties had been the cause of some consternation during production of the album. Royalties were accorded on a per-song basis, and although Gilmour was largely responsible for "Dogs", which took up almost the entire first side of the album, he received far less than Waters, who also contributed the two-part "Pigs on the Wing". The song contains references to Waters' private life—his new romantic interest was Carolyne Anne Christie (married to Rock Scully, manager of the Grateful Dead). Waters' marriage to Judy had produced no children, but he became a father with Carolyne in November 1976.167 Gilmour was also distracted by the birth of his first child, and contributed little else toward the album. Similarly, neither Mason nor Wright contributed much toward Animals (the first Pink Floyd album not to contain a writing credit for Wright); Wright had marital problems, but his relationship with Waters was also suffering:168
Animals was a slog. It wasn't a fun record to make, but this was when Roger really started to believe that he was the sole writer for the band. He believed that it was only because of him that the band was still going, and obviously, when he started to develop his ego trips, the person he would have his conflicts with would be me.—Richard Wright, 169
Animals was released on 23 January 1977,165 and entered the UK charts at #2, and #3 in the US.170 NME called the album "… one of the most extreme, relentless, harrowing and downright iconoclastic hunks of music to have been made available this side of the sun …",170 and Melody Maker's Karl Dallas wrote "… [an] uncomfortable taste of reality in a medium that has become in recent years, increasingly soporific …"170
The album became the subject material for the band's In the Flesh tour, during which early signs of discord became apparent. Waters began arriving at each venue alone, and departing immediately after the performance was complete, and Gilmour's wife Ginger did not get along with Waters' new girlfriend. On one occasion, Wright flew back to England threatening to leave the band. The size of the venues was also an issue,171 and the end of the tour was a low point for Gilmour, who felt that the band had by now achieved the success they sought, and that there was nothing else to look forward to.172
The Wall
The In the Flesh tour was Pink Floyd's first playing in large stadiums, and at one venue a small group of noisy and excited fans in the front row of the audience irritated Waters to such an extent that he spat at one of them. Waters was not the only person who felt depressed about playing in such large venues, as Gilmour refused to perform the band's usual twelve-bar blues encore. Waters used the spitting incident as the basis for a new concept, based around the audience's separation from the performers on stage.173
Meanwhile, Gilmour and Wright released their début solo albums, David Gilmour, and Wet Dream. Both albums sold poorly, a situation only exacerbated by the loss much of the band's accumulated wealth. In 1976 the band had become involved with financial advisers Norton Warburg Group (NWG). NWG became the band's collecting agents and handled all financial planning, for an annual fee of about £300,000. Between £1.6M and £3.3M of the band's money was invested in high-risk venture capital schemes, primarily to reduce the band's exposure to high UK taxes. It soon became obvious however that the band were losing money. Not only did NWG invest in failing businesses, they also left the band liable for tax bills as high as 83% of their income. They eventually terminated their relationship with NWG, demanding the return of any cash not yet invested, which at that time amounted to £860,000 (they received £740,000).174nb 6
In the midst of this, in July 1977 Waters presented the band with two new ideas. The first was a ninety-minute demo given the provisional title Bricks in the Wall, and the other what would later become his first solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking. Although both Mason and Gilmour were initially cautious, the former was chosen to be their next album.175 Bob Ezrin was brought in as co-producer. He wrote a forty-page script, and presented it to the rest of the band: "The next day at the studio, we had a table read, like you would with a play, but with the whole of the band, and their eyes all twinkled, because then they could see the album."176 The story was based on the central character of Pink—a character inspired by Waters' childhood experiences—the most notable of which was the death of his father in World War II. This first 'brick in the wall' led to more problems, each serving to isolate Pink further.177 Pink would later become so drug-addled and worn down by the music industry that he would transform into a megalomaniac, a development inspired partly by the decline of Syd Barrett. At the end of the album, the increasingly fascist audience would watch as Pink 'tore down the wall', once again becoming a normal caring person.178
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At Britannia Row, Brian Humphries was emotionally drained by his five years with the band, and was replaced by James Guthrie.180 Early sessions were difficult, as Ezrin, Guthrie and Waters each had strong ideas about the direction the album would take; however Ezrin's role expanded to that of an intermediary between Waters and the rest of the band. Work continued up to March 1979, at which point the band's critical financial situation demanded that they leave the UK for a year or more, to continue recording at the Super Bear Studios near Nice.181182
Waters planned the recording sessions on a tight schedule. His relationship with Ezrin had soured,nb 7 but his relationship with Wright had broken down completely. The band were rarely in the studio together, and Wright, worried about the effect that the introduction of Ezrin would have on the band's internal relationships, was keen to have a producer's credit on the album (their albums up to that point had always stated "Produced by Pink Floyd"). Waters had agreed to a trial period, after which Wright was to be given a producer's credit, but after a few weeks Waters and Ezrin expressed dissatisfaction with his methods. The keyboardist eventually stopped coming into the studio during the day, and worked only at nights. Gilmour also expressed his annoyance, complaining that Wright's lack of input was "driving us all mad".184 Wright however had his own problems, with a failing marriage, and depression. Columbia offered the band a better deal in exchange for a Christmas release of the album, and Waters increased their workload accordingly, however Wright refused to cut short his family holiday in Rhodes.184
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The rest of the band's children were young enough to stay with them in France but mine were older and had to go to school. I was missing my children terribly.
—Richard Wright185
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What exactly happened next remains unclear. In Inside Out (2005) Mason says that Waters called O'Rourke, who was travelling to the US on the QE2, and told him to have Wright out of the band by the time Waters arrived in LA to mix the album.186 In Comfortably Numb (2008) however, the author states that Waters called O'Rourke and asked him to tell Wright about the new recording arrangements, and that Wright's response was apparently "Tell Roger to fuck off …".185 Wright disagreed with this recollection, stating that the band had agreed to record only through the spring and early summer, and that he had no idea they were so far behind schedule. Waters was stunned, and felt that Wright was not doing enough to help complete the album.187 Gilmour was on holiday in Dublin when he learnt what was happening, and tried to calm the situation. He later spoke with Wright and gave him his support, but reminded him about his lack of input on the album. Waters however was insisting that Wright leave, else he would refuse to release The Wall. Several days later, worried about their financial situation, and the failing interpersonal relationships within the band, Wright quit.188
Rumours persisted that Wright had a cocaine addiction (something he always disputed), and although his name did not appear anywhere on the finished album189190 he was employed as a paid musician on the band's subsequent The Wall tour.191 Production of the album continued and by August 1979 the running order was largely complete. Wright completed his duties, aided by session musicians Peter Wood and Freddie Mandel. Jeff Porcaro replaced Mason on "Mother". Ezrin and Waters oversaw the capture of various sound effects required for the album.192 Toward the end of The Wall sessions, Mason left the final mix to Waters, Gilmour, Ezrin and Guthrie, and travelled to New York to record his début solo album, Nick Mason's Fictitious Sports.193
The album was promoted by the single "Another Brick in the Wall (Part II)", which peaked at #1 on both the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and the UK Singles Chart.194
The Wall was released on 30 November 1979, and topped the Billboard charts for fifteen weeks.195 As of 2009 it is certified 23x platinum, (but as a double album this signifies sales of 11.5 million).196 According to The New York Times, between 1979 and 1990, the album sold over 19 million copies worldwide.197 The cover is one of their most minimal designs, with a simple white brick wall, and no logo or band name. It was also their first album cover since The Piper at the Gates of Dawn not designed by Hipgnosis.198
Gerald Scarfe was employed to produce a series of animations for the subsequent The Wall Tour, including a series of nightmarish visions of the future such as a dove of peace exploding to reveal an eagle. Large inflatable puppets were also created for the live shows.199 Meanwhile relationships within the band were now at an all-time low. On tour, their four Winnebagos were parked in a circle, with the doors facing away from the centre. Waters remained isolated, using his own vehicle to arrive at the venue, and staying in separate hotels from the rest of the band. Wright, who had returned as a paid musician, and was the only 'member' of the band to profit from the venture, which lost about $600,000. They were asked to play at Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium, but Waters refused. The band returned to the UK following their year as tax exiles.191
The album also spawned a film. The original plan was for the film to be a mixture of live concert footage and animated scenes, however the concert footage proved impractical to film. Alan Parker agreed to direct, and took a different approach. The animated sequences would remain, however scenes would be acted by professional actors, with no dialogue. Waters was screen tested but quickly discarded, and Bob Geldof was asked to take the role of Pink. Geldof was initially disdainful, condemning The Wall's storyline as "bollocks",200 however he was eventually won over by the prospect of being involved in a major film, and receiving a large payment for his work. Waters took a six-week holiday during filming, and returned to find that Parker had used his creative licence to change parts of the film to his liking. Waters was irate, the two rowed, and Parker threatened to walk out. Gilmour pleaded with Waters to reconsider his stance, reminding the bassist that he and the other band members were shareholders and directors, and could out-vote him on such decisions. A modified soundtrack was also created for some of the film's songs.201 The Wall was released in July 1982.202
Waters-led era (1982–1985)
The Final Cut
Spare Bricks was to have been the soundtrack album for The Wall film, but with the onset of the Falklands Conflict Waters changed direction, and began writing new material. A socialist at heart, Waters saw Margaret Thatcher's response to the invasion of the islands as jingoistic and unnecessary, and he dedicated the new album—then provisionally titled Requiem for a Post-War Dream—to his dead father. Immediately there were arguments between Waters and Gilmour, who felt that the album should contain new material, rather than songs not considered good enough for The Wall. Waters however was doubtful, as Gilmour had contributed little to the band's lyrical repertoire over the previous few years.203
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Michael Kamen (a contributor to the orchestral sections of The Wall) mediated between the two, and also performed the role traditionally occupied by the now absent Richard Wright. James Guthrie was the studio engineer, and surprisingly, Mason was helped by Ray Cooper and Andy Newmark, and Baker Street's Raphael Ravenscroft was hired to play the saxophone (most previous Floyd albums tend to make repeated use of particular musicians). Recording took place in an unprecedented eight studios, including Gilmour's home studio at Hookend Manor, and Waters' home studio at East Sheen. The tension within the band however grew worse. Waters and Gilmour worked separately, itself not unusual, but Gilmour began to feel the strain, sometimes barely maintaining his composure. Waters lost his temper also, ranting at Kamen who in boredom during one recording session, had started writing "I Must Not Fuck Sheep"204205 repeatedly on a notepad in the studio's control room. Mason's contributions were minimal, as he busied himself recording sound effects for an experimental new Holophonic system, to be used on the album. After a final confrontation, Gilmour's name as producer was removed from the credit list, reflecting what Waters felt was his lack of song writing contributions.204 Mason kept himself distant, by now having marital problems of his own with wife Lindy (he would later remarry).206
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I'm certainly guilty at times of being lazy … but he wasn't right about wanting to put some duff tracks on The Final Cut.
—David Gilmour207
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Hipgnosis had by this time disbanded, but again Thorgerson was passed over for the cover design, Waters choosing to design it himself. His brother-in-law, Willie Christie, was commissioned to take pictures for the album.206 The Final Cut was released in March 1983, going straight to #1 in the UK, and #6 in the US. "Not Now John" was released as a single, with its chorus of "Fuck all that" bowdlerised to "Stuff all that". Despite its success, the album again received mixed reviews. Melody Maker declared it to be "… a milestone in the history of awfulness …", but Rolling Stone's Kurt Loder viewed it as "… essentially a Roger Waters solo album … a superlative achievement on several levels …"208209
"Spent force"
Gilmour recorded his second solo album About Face in 1984, and used it to express his feelings about a range of topics, from the murder of John Lennon, to his relationship with Waters. He has since admitted that he also used the album to distance himself from Pink Floyd. Soon after, Waters began touring his new solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking.210 Richard Wright meanwhile formed Zee with Dave Harris. They recorded Identity, an album which makes heavy use of the Fairlight CMI (a musical synthesizer popularised in the 1980s). The album went almost unnoticed upon its release. Wright was also in the midst of a difficult divorce, and has since admitted that it was "… made at a time in my life when I was lost."211 Mason released his second solo album Profiles in August 1985, which featured a contribution from Gilmour on "Lie for a Lie".212
Waters now believed that Pink Floyd was a spent force, and contacted O'Rourke with a view to settling future royalty payments. O'Rourke felt obliged to inform Mason and Gilmour, and as a result Waters tried to dismiss him. Waters then went to the High Court to prevent the Pink Floyd name from ever being used again.212 His lawyers discovered that the partnership had never been formally confirmed, and Waters returned to the High Court in an attempt to gain a veto over further use of the band's name. Gilmour's team responded by issuing a courteous press release affirming that Pink Floyd would continue to exist, however he later told a Sunday Times reporter that "Roger is a dog in the manger and I'm going to fight him …".213
Waters wrote to EMI and Columbia and declared his intention to leave the group, asking them to release him from his contractual obligations. Gilmour believed that Waters left to hasten the demise of Pink Floyd, however Waters later stated that by not making new albums Pink Floyd would be in breach of contract—which would mean that royalty payments would be suspended—and that he was effectively forced from the band as the other members threatened to sue him. With the case still pending, Waters dispensed with O'Rourke, and employed Peter Rudge to manage his affairs.212 He went on to record for the soundtrack for When the Wind Blows—an animated film based on a book by Raymond Briggs—about an elderly couple who survive a nuclear attack, only to die from the effects of radiation poisoning.214 He then recorded his second solo album, Radio K.A.O.S., a concept album based around a mute man named Billy who can hear radio waves in his head.215
Gilmour-led era (1985–1994)
A Momentary Lapse of Reason
Radio K.A.O.S. was released in June 1987,215 just as Gilmour was recruiting musicians for what would become Pink Floyd's first album without Waters at the helm—A Momentary Lapse of Reason. Artists such as Jon Carin and Phil Manzanera worked on the album, but they were also joined by Bob Ezrin, who had recently been invited to produce Radio K.A.O.S.. Ezrin had been unable to work on Waters' solo album, and instead chose to work with Gilmour: "… far easier for Dave and I to do our version of a Floyd record."216 Gilmour was also contacted by Wright's new wife, Franka. She had heard that he was working on new material and asked if Wright could contribute. Gilmour considered the request; there were several legal obstacles to Wright's re-admittance to the band, but after a meeting in Hampstead he was brought back in, although his contributions were minimal.217 Gilmour later admitted in an interview with Karl Dallas that Wright's presence "… would make us stronger legally and musically".218
The album was recorded along the River Thames, on Gilmour's houseboat Astoria. Andy Jackson (a colleague of Guthrie) was brought in as engineer. Gilmour experimented with various songwriters such as Eric Stewart and Roger McGough, but eventually settled on Anthony Moore as a lyricist.219 An early version proved disappointing for Ezrin and CBS representative Stephen Ralbosky, who claimed that what they'd heard had sounded nothing like Pink Floyd.220 Gilmour would later admit that Waters' absence was a problem, and that the new project was difficult without his presence.221 Nevertheless, he agreed to rework the material, and employed extra session musicians including Carmine Appice and Jim Keltner. Both drummers, they would later replace Nick Mason on most tracks, who was concerned that he was too out of practice to perform on the album. He instead busied himself with the album's sound effects. In a marked change from previous Floyd albums, A Momentary Lapse was recorded onto a 32-channel Mitsubishi digital recorder, and used MIDI synchronisation with the aid of an Apple Macintosh computer.220222
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You can't go back … You have to find a new way of working, of operating and getting on with it. We didn't make this remotely like we've made any other Floyd record. It was different systems, everything.
—David Gilmour218
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Waters on one occasion visited Astoria to see Ezrin, along with Christie, by then his wife. As he was still a shareholder and director of Pink Floyd music, he was able to block any decisions made by his former bandmates. Recording moved to Mayfair and Audio International Studios, and then to Los Angeles—"It was fantastic because … the lawyers couldn't call in the middle of recording unless they were calling in the middle of the night."223 Waters tried to block a proposed Pink Floyd tour, by contacting every promoter in the US, threatening to sue if they used the Pink Floyd name. Gilmour and Mason funded the startup costs (Mason, separated from his wife, used his Ferrari 250 GTO as collateral). Some promoters were offended by Waters' threat however, and several months later tickets went on sale in Toronto (and were sold out within hours).224
Storm Thorgerson was employed to design the coverwork. His finished design was of a plethora of hospital beds arranged on a beach, inspired by a phrase from "Yet Another Movie", and Gilmour's vague hint of a design that included a bed in a Mediterranean house, and the remains of dissipating relationships.225 The album title was chosen after careful consideration. The initial three contenders were Signs of Life, Of Promises Broken, and Delusions of Maturity.224 The album was released in September 1987, and in order to drive home the message that Waters had left the band, a group photograph was, for the first time since Meddle, included on the inside of the cover. Wright's name appears only on the credit list. The album went straight to #3 in the UK and US—held from the top spot by Michael Jackson's Bad, and Whitesnake's 1987. Although Gilmour initially viewed the album as a return to the band's best form, Wright would later disagree, admitting "Roger's criticisms are fair. It's not a band album at all."226 Q Magazine's view was that the album was primarily a Gilmour solo effort.227
I think it's very facile, but a quite clever forgery … The songs are poor in general; the lyrics I can't quite believe. Gilmour's lyrics are very third-rate.—Roger Waters, 228
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Early rehearsals for the upcoming tour were chaotic, with Mason and Wright completely out of practice, and realising he'd taken on too much work Gilmour asked Bob Ezrin to take charge. As the new band toured throughout North America, Waters' Radio K.A.O.S. tour was, on occasion, close by. The bassist had forbidden any members of Pink Floyd from attending his concerts,nb 8 which were generally in smaller venues than those housing his former band's performances. Waters issued a writ for copyright fees for the band's use of the flying pig, and Pink Floyd responded by attaching a huge set of male genitalia to its underside to distinguish it from his design. However, by November 1987 Waters appeared to admit defeat, and on 23 December a legal settlement was finally reached. Mason and Gilmour were allowed use of the Pink Floyd name in perpetuity, and Waters would be granted, amongst other things, The Wall. The bickering continued however, with Waters issuing the occasional slight against his former friends, and Gilmour and Mason responding by making light of Waters claims that they would fail without him.230 The Sun printed a story about Waters, who it claimed had paid an artist to create 150 toilet rolls with Gilmour's face on every sheet. Waters later rubbished this story,231 but it serves to illustrate how deeply divided the two parties had now become.232 The tour continued into 1988, and then 1989. In Venice, the band played to an audience of 200,000 fans at the Piazza San Marco. The resulting storm of protest over the city's lack of toilet provision, first aid, and accommodation, resulted in the resignation of Mayor Antonio Casellati and his government.233 At the end of the tour Pink Floyd released Delicate Sound of Thunder,234 and in 1989 a concert video—Delicate Sound of Thunder concert video in 1989.233
The Division Bell
For several years thereafter the three members of Pink Floyd busied themselves with personal pursuits, such as filming and competing in the Carrera Panamericana (where Gilmour and O'Rourke crashed), and later recording a soundtrack for the film.235 Gilmour divorced Ginger Gilmour, and Mason married actress Annette Lynton.236 In January 1993 they began working on a new album. They returned to a now remodelled Britannia Row Studios, where for several days Gilmour, Mason and Wright worked collaboratively, ad-libbing new material with Andy Jackson engineering, and a two-track recorder running constantly. Guy Pratt was brought in to play bass, and after about two weeks the band had enough ideas to start creating new songs.nb 9 Bob Ezrin returned to work on the album, and production moved to Astoria where from February to May 1993 the band worked on about twenty-five ideas. Song selection was based upon a system of points—whereby all three members would award marks out of ten to each candidate song—a system skewed somewhat by Wright's decision to award his songs ten points each, and the other songs no points.238 Contractually, Wright was still not a full member of the band: "It came very close to a point where I wasn't going to do the album",239 a situation which clearly upset the keyboardist. He was however given his first songwriting credit on a Pink Floyd album since 1975's Wish You Were Here. Another songwriter credited on the album was Gilmour's new girlfriend, Polly Samson. She helped write "High Hopes" with Gilmour—along with several other tracks—a situation which although initially was tense, according to Ezrin "pulled the whole album together".240 She also helped Gilmour, who, following his divorce, had developed a cocaine habit.241 The band then moved to Olympia Studios, recorded most of the 'winning' tracks over the space of a week. After a summer break, they returned to Astoria to record more backing tracks, and Michael Kamen was brought in work on the album's various string arrangements.238 Dick Parry played saxophone on his first Pink Floyd abum for almost twenty years, on "Wearing the Inside Out", and Chris Thomas was booked to undertake the final mix.242
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Keen to avoid competing against other album releases (as had happened with A Momentary Lapse) the band set a deadline of April 1994, at which point they would begin touring again. By January that year however they still had not decided upon a title for the album. Those under consideration included Pow Wow and Down to Earth, however, writer Douglas Adams, spurred on by the promise of a payment to his favourite charity, suggested The Division Bell, and the name stuck. Storm Thorgerson once again provided the artwork, and erected two large metal heads in a field near Ely. The two heads are designed to give the illusion of a single face. The album was released in March 1994, and went straight to #1 in the UK and US.243
Thorgerson also provided six new pieces of film for the tour.244 The band spent three weeks rehearsing at a US airforce base in North Carolina, before opening on 29 March 1994 in Miami with an almost identical crew to that used for their Momentary Lapse of Reason tour. They played a mixture of Pink Floyd favourites, but later changed their setlist to include The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety.245 The band also renewed their acquaintance with Peter Wynne Willson.246
Waters was invited to join the band as the tour reached Europe, but declined, later expressing his annoyance that some Floyd songs were being performed again in large venues. On the first night of the European leg, a 1,200 capacity stand collapsed, however there were no serious injuries and the performance was rescheduled. The tour ended at Earls Court, and as of 2009 was the group's final performance as part of a Pink Floyd tour.247 They later released Pulse, and shortly after the concert video Pulse.248
Recent history
Reunion in Live 8
Steve O'Rourke died on 30 October 2003. Gilmour, Mason and Wright performed "Fat Old Sun" and "The Great Gig in the Sky" at his funeral in Chichester Cathedral.249
Mason had a surprise reunion with Waters while on holiday in Mustique, in January 2002. This later led to an invite from the latter to play as a special guest on Waters' 2002 tour, at Wembley Arena. There was further surprise, however, when in 2005 Bob Geldof called Mason to discuss the band reuniting for Live 8. Geldof had already asked Gilmour, who had turned the offer, and asked Mason to intercede on his behalf. Mason declined, but contacted Waters, who was immediately enthusiastic. Waters then called Geldof to discuss the event, which was at that time only a month away. About two weeks later, Waters called Gilmour—their first conversation for about two years—and the next day the latter agreed. Wright was contacted, and immediately agreed. Statements were issued to the press which stressed the lack of import of the band's problems, compared to the context of the Live 8 event. The setlist was planned at the Connaught Hotel in London, followed by three days of rehearsals at Black Island Studios. The sessions were troublesome, with minor disagreements over the style and pace of the songs they were practising. Waters wanted to use the occasion to expand the concepts he had designed, whereas Gilmour wanted to perform the songs in exactly the way the audience would expect. The final setlist and running order was decided on the eve of the concert.250251
On Saturday 2 July 2005, at about eleven o'clock,252 Pink Floyd performed together on stage—for the first time in almost 25 years. The band performed a four-song set beginning with "Speak to Me/Breathe/Breathe (Reprise)", "Money", "Wish You Were Here", and ending with "Comfortably Numb". Gilmour and Waters shared lead vocals. Onstage, at the start of "Wish You Were Here" Waters told the audience that the event was "quite emotional, standing up here with these three guys after all these years". At the end of their performance Gilmour thanked the audience, and started to walk off the stage, however Waters called him back and the band shared a group hug that became one of the more notable images from Live 8.253254
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I don't think any of us came out of the years from 1985 with any credit … It was a bad, negative time. And I regret my part in that negativity.
—Roger Waters (2007)255
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In the week following their performance there was a revival of interest in Pink Floyd. According to HMV, in the week following sales of Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd rose by 1343%, while Amazon.com reported a significant increase in sales of The Wall. Gilmour subsequently declared that he would donate his share of profits from this sales boom to charity, and urged other artists and record companies profiting from Live 8 to do the same.256
Recent events
Many fans were hopeful that the band's Live 8 appearance would lead to a reunion tour. In the weeks immediately after the show the rifts between the members seemed to have mostly healed, and Gilmour confirmed that he and Waters were on "pretty amicable terms".257 A £136 million (then about $250 million) deal for a final tour was offered, but turned down. Waters however did not rule out further performances, but only for a special occasion.258259260 Gilmour stated in a 2006 interview with La Repubblica that he is finished with Pink Floyd and wishes to focus on solo projects and his family. He mentions that he agreed to play Live 8 with Waters to support the cause, to make peace with Waters, and knowing he would regret not taking part.261 However, in a 2006 interview Mason stated that Pink Floyd would be willing to perform for a concert that would support peace between Israel and Palestine.262 Then speaking with Billboard, Gilmour changed his "finished with Pink Floyd" sentiment to "who knows".263
David Gilmour released his third solo record, On an Island, on 6 March 2006. It includes contributions from ex-Jokers Wild drummer Willie Wilson, original Pink Floyd guitarist Bob Klose, and keyboardist Richard Wright. He began a tour of small concert venues in Europe, Canada and the U.S. with a band that included Wright and other musicians from the post-Waters Pink Floyd tours. Mason joined Gilmour and Wright for the final night of the tour, but was otherwise engaged in playing for Waters 2006 Europe/U.S. tour. Gilmour, Wright, and Mason's encore performances of "Wish You Were Here" and "Comfortably Numb" marked the first performance by Pink Floyd since Live 8.264
Syd Barrett died on 7 July 2006, aged 60, at his home in Cambridgeshire.265 He was interred at Cambridge Crematorium on 18 July 2006. None of the band attended. Although Barrett had faded into obscurity over the previous 35 years, he was lauded in the national press for his contributions to music.266 He left over £1.25M in his will, to be divided between his immediate family. Some of his possessions and artwork were auctioned, with fans paying generous amounts to own a memento of the former Pink Floyd star.267
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The band are very naturally upset and sad to hear of Syd Barrett's death. Syd was the guiding light of the early band line-up and leaves a legacy which continues to inspire.
—Richard Wright265
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In September 2006 Waters released his long-awaited Ça Ira, an opera in three acts to a French libretto, based on the historical subject of the French Revolution. Reviews were complimentary,268 Rolling Stone wrote "the opera does reflect some of the man's long-term obsessions with war and peace, love and loss".269 2007 saw the 40th anniversary of Pink Floyd's signing to EMI, and the 40th anniversary of the release of their début album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. This was marked by the release of a limited edition set containing mono and stereo mixes of the albums, plus tracks from the singles and other rare recordings.270 On 10 May 2007 Waters and Pink Floyd performed separately at the Syd Barrett tribute concert at the Barbican Centre in London, alongside artists such as Damon Albarn and Robyn Hitchcock. The event, organised by Joe Boyd and Nick Laird-Clowes, saw the band perform some of Barrett's hits, such as "Bike", and "Arnold Layne". The Pink Floyd band members had not been announced, and they received an rapturous welcome from the audience.271 Hopes of a second reunion concert with the band's classic line-up were dashed when Waters did not perform with the group. Roger Waters took to the stage to screams of "Pink Floyd!" to which he responded, "Later." Gilmour, Mason, and Wright took to the stage for what would be the final time to screams of "Roger Waters!" to which Gilmour politely responded, "Yeah, he was here too, now the rest of us."272
In a January 2007 interview Waters suggested he had become more open to a Pink Floyd reunion: “I would have no problem if the rest of them wanted to get together. It wouldn’t even have to be to save the world. It could be just because it would be fun. And people would love it.”273 Later that year Gilmour stated: "I can’t see why I would want to be going back to that old thing. It’s very retrogressive. I want to look forward, and looking back isn’t my joy."274 In a May 2008 interview for BBC 6Music, David Gilmour hinted that he would be in favour of another one-off show, but ruled out a full tour.275 Speaking to Associated Press to promote the release of his new live album, David Gilmour stated that a reunion would not happen. Gilmour said: "The rehearsals were less enjoyable. The rehearsals convinced me it wasn't something I wanted to be doing a lot of … There have been all sorts of farewell moments in people's lives and careers which they have then rescinded, but I think I can fairly categorically say that there won't be a tour or an album again that I take part in. It isn't to do with animosity or anything like that. It's just that I've done that. I've been there, I've done it."276
Just over two years after the death of Barrett, on 15 September 2008 Richard Wright died of cancer, aged 65.277 He was lauded by his surviving bandmates, Gilmour in particular, for his influence on the overall sound of Pink Floyd.278
No one can replace Richard Wright. He was my musical partner and my friend. In the welter of arguments about who or what was Pink Floyd, Rick's enormous input was frequently forgotten. He was gentle, unassuming and private but his soulful voice and playing were vital, magical components of our most recognised Pink Floyd sound. I have never played with anyone quite like him. The blend of his and my voices and our musical telepathy reached their first major flowering in 1971 on 'Echoes'. In my view all the greatest PF moments are the ones where he is in full flow. After all, without 'Us and Them' and 'The Great Gig in the Sky', both of which he wrote, what would 'The Dark Side of the Moon' have been? Without his quiet touch the album 'Wish You Were Here' would not quite have worked. In our middle years, for many reasons he lost his way for a while, but in the early Nineties, with 'The Division Bell', his vitality, spark and humour returned to him and then the audience reaction to his appearances on my tour in 2006 was hugely uplifting and it's a mark of his modesty that those standing ovations came as a huge surprise to him, (though not to the rest of us). Like Rick, I don't find it easy to express my feelings in words, but I loved him and will miss him enormously.—David Gilmour, 279
I was very sad to hear of Rick's premature death, I knew he had been ill, but the end came suddenly and shockingly. My thoughts are with his family, particularly [his children] Jamie and Gala and their mum Juliet, who I knew very well in the old days, and always liked very much and greatly admired. As for the man and his work, it is hard to overstate the importance of his musical voice in the Pink Floyd of the '60s and '70s. The intriguing, jazz influenced, modulations and voicings so familiar in 'Us and Them' and 'Great Gig in the Sky,' which lent those compositions both their extraordinary humanity and their majesty, are omnipresent in all the collaborative work the four of us did in those times. Rick's ear for harmonic progression was our bedrock. I am very grateful for the opportunity that Live 8 afforded me to engage with him and David [Gilmour] and Nick [Mason] that one last time. I wish there had been more.—Roger Waters, 280
Like any band, you can never quite quantify who does what. But Pink Floyd wouldn’t have been Pink Floyd if [we] hadn’t had Rick. I think there’s a feeling now -- particularly after all the warfare that went on with Roger and David trying to make clear what their contribution was -- that perhaps Rick rather got pushed into the background. Because the sound of Pink Floyd is more than the guitar, bass, and drum thing. Rick was the sound that knitted it all together... He was by far the quietest of the band, right from day one. And, I think, probably harder to get to know than the rest of us... It's almost that George Harrison thing. You sort of forget that they did a lot more than perhaps they’re given credit for.—Nick Mason, 281
In April 2009 it was revealed that the band had initiated legal action against EMI for an alleged failure to pay royalties. The dispute is reportedly connected to an ongoing disagreement with Terra Firma Capital Partners, the private equity firm who took ownership of EMI in 2007.282283
Legacy
Acclaim and honours
In 1980 The Wall won a Grammy for 'Best Engineered Non-Classical Album',284 and in 1982 the film of the same name won a BAFTA for sound.285 "Marooned" won a Grammy in 1995 for 'Rock Instrumental Performance'.286 On 17 January 1996 Pink Floyd were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Billy Corgan presented the the award to Gilmour and Wright, who remained onstage to perform an unplugged rendition of "Wish You Were Here".287 Almost ten years later on 16 November 2005 they were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and presented with an award by Pete Townshend. Gilmour and Mason attended in person, explaining that Wright was in hospital following eye surgery, and Waters appeared on a video screen, from Rome. In a BBC radio interview shortly after the ceremony, Mark Radcliffe asked them if they were tempted to perform on the night, to which Gilmour replied that although they'd enjoyed Live 8, a performance for the award show would have been unlikely.288289 In 2008 they were awarded the Polar Music Prize for their contribution to contemporary music. Waters and Mason were present at the ceremony, where they received the prize from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.290
The group has sold over 200 million albums worldwide,291292 including 74.5 million certified units in the United States.293 Its members have benefited substantially from their musical activities. The Sunday Times Rich List 2009 ranks Waters at No. 657 with an estimated wealth of £85m, Gilmour at No. 742 with £78m, and Mason at No. 1077 with £50m. Wright does not appear on the list.294
Influence
A number of notable musicians and bands from diverse genres have been influenced by Pink Floyd's music. These include David Bowie,295 Blur296297, Tangerine Dream298, Nine Inch Nails,299 Dream Theater,300 My Chemical Romance,301 Nazz, Queen, The Mars Volta302, Phish,303 Radiohead,304305 Porcupine Tree306, and the Smashing Pumpkins.307308 Italian composer and conductor Martino Traversa listened to the group as a teenager.309 The Pet Shop Boys paid homage to The Wall during a performance in Boston.310
On 8 February 1995 the opening sequence of "Time" was played as a wakeup call for the crew of space mission STS-63.311
Live performances
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Pink Floyd are regarded as pioneers in the live music experience, and were renowned for their lavish stage shows in which the performers themselves were almost secondary. As well as the visual effects, Pink Floyd set standards in sound quality, with innovative use of sound effects and panning quadrophonic speaker systems.citation needed From their earliest days they were well known for their use of visual effects, which accompanied the psychedelic rock pieces performed at venues such as the UFO Club in London.30
The quality of their live performances, even when pre-recorded, was considered by the band to be extremely important; they boycotted the press release of The Dark Side of the Moon as they felt presenting the album through a poor-quality PA system was not good enough.312313 The album had been composed and refined mostly while the band toured the UK, Japan, North America, and Europe.314 Animals was the centrepiece for their In the Flesh tour, which began in Dortmund, and continued through Europe to the UK, and then the US. A inflatable floating pig named Algie became the inspiration for a number of pig themes used throughout the tour.315
Although Pink Floyd were experienced live performers, the behaviour of the audience on their In the Flesh tour, and the sizes of the venues they played, were a powerful influence on their rock opera album, The Wall. The subsequent The Wall Tour featured a 40 feet (12 m) high wall, built from cardboard bricks, constructed between the band and the audience. Animations were projected onto the wall, and gaps allowed the audience to view various scenes in the story. Several characters from the story were realised as giant inflatables.316 One of the more notable elements of the tour was the performance of "Comfortably Numb". While Waters sang his opening verse, Gilmour waited in darkness, for his cue, on top of the wall. When it came, bright blue and white lights would suddenly illuminate him, astonishing the audience. Gilmour stood on a flight case on castors, a dangerous set-up supported from behind by a technician, both supported by a tall hydraulic platform.317
During the band's Division Bell tour, an anonymous person named Publius posted a message on an internet newsgroup, inviting fans to solve a riddle supposedly concealed in the new album. The veracity of the user was demonstrated when white lights in front of the stage at the Pink Floyd concert in East Rutherford spelled out the words Enigma Publius. During a televised concert at Earls Court in October 1994, the word enigma was projected in large letters on to the backdrop of the stage. Mason later acknowledged that the Publius Enigma did exist, and that it had been instigated by the record company rather than the band. As of 2009 the puzzle remains unsolved.245
Discography
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Notes
- ^ The sources used in this article suggest different dates for the first billing of this name, and therefore this article is purposely ambiguous.
- ^ Child was employed by Peter Jenner as a secretary and general production assistant.52
- ^ Storm Thorgerson attended the same school, about the same time as Waters and Barrett.76
- ^ There seems to be some confusion about the date that Barrett turned up, and Gilmour's wedding. Blake (2008) writes that Gilmour's wedding was on 7 July, but that witnesses swore they saw Barrett at his reception at Abbey Road. Other authors claim that the reception and Barrett's visit were on 5 June.
- ^ Nick Mason has expressed doubt over this.147
- ^ Pink Floyd eventually sued NWG for £1M, accusing them of fraud and negligence. NWG collapsed in 1981. Andrew Warburg fled to Spain, Norton Warburg Investments (a part of NWG) was renamed to Waterbrook, and many of its holdings were sold at a huge loss. Andrew Warburg was jailed for three years upon his return to the UK in 1987.174
- ^ The two would later fall out when Ezrin inadvertently released details of the album's stage show to a journalist.183
- ^ Mason (2005) goes some way toward backing this statement up, by stating that "rumour had it we would not be allowed in"229
- ^ Mason (2005) also writes that they had enough left-over material to create a separate release.237
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- ^ Schaffner 1991, pp. 27–28
- ^ a b Blake 2008, p. 41
- ^ a b Mason 2005, p. 27
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 33
- ^ a b Schaffner 1991, pp. 22–23
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- ^ Schaffner 1991, p. 30
- ^ a b Mason 2005, pp. 33–37
- ^ Mason 2005, p. 30
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 29–32
- ^ Blake 2008, p. 45
- ^ Schaffner 1991, p. 17
- ^ a b Schaffner 1991, pp. 32–33
- ^ Mason 2005, pp. 50–51
- ^ Schaffner 1991, p. 44
- ^ Schaffner 1991, p. 34
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- ^ Schaffer 1991, pp. 42–43
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- ^ Mason 2005, p. 54
- ^ a b Mason 2005, pp. 54–58
- ^ a b Schaffner 1991, p. 49
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- Bibliography
- Blake, Mark (2008), Comfortably Numb — The Inside Story of Pink Floyd, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0306817527
- Harris, John (2006), The Dark Side of the Moon (3 ed.), Harper Perennial, ISBN 9780007790906
- Mason, Nick (2005), Philip Dodd, ed., Inside Out - A Personal History of Pink Floyd (Paperback ed.), Phoenix, ISBN 0753819066
- Povey, Glenn (2007), Echoes, Mind Head Publishing, ISBN 0955462401, http://books.google.com/books?id=qnnl3FnO-B4C&pg=RA4-PT76&dq=%22Clare+Torry%22+EMI&ei=9KmcSdCzKJnMMvvoxPgF#PRA4-PT76,M1
- Reising, Russell (2005), Speak to Me, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, ISBN 0754640191, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x_0oXORl4dIC
- Ruhlmann, William (2004), Breaking Records, Routledge, ISBN 0415943051, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W-vVUgMPSzYC
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1991), Saucerful of Secrets (1 ed.), London : Sidgwick & Jackson, ISBN 0283061278
- Snider, Charles (2008), The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock, Lulu.com, ISBN 061517566X, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9nkarh6kA8oC
- Watkinson, Mike; Anderson, Pete (2001), Crazy diamond: Syd Barrett & the dawn of Pink Floyd (Illustrated ed.), Omnibus Press, ISBN 0711988358, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kPJlLjf4OogC
- Further reading
- Bryan Morrison, telegraph.co.uk, 2008-09-29, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3104496/Bryan-Morrison.html, retrieved 2009-09-05
- Steve O'Rourke, telegraph.co.uk, 2003-11-05, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1445913/Steve-ORourke.html, retrieved 2009-09-06
- Fitch, Vernon (2005), The Pink Floyd Encyclopedia (Third ed.), ISBN 1894959248
- Hoyland, John (1970), Pink Floyd: Unquiet Desperation
- Jones, Cliff (1996), Another Brick in the Wall: The Stories Behind Every Pink Floyd Song, ISBN 0553067338
- Mabbett, Andy (1995), The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd, Omnibus Pr, ISBN 071194301X
- Macalister, Malcolm (2004-11-24), The dark side of The Wall, independent.co.uk, http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-dark-side-of-the-wall-534989.html, retrieved 2009-09-08
- Miles; Mabbett, Andy (1994), Pink Floyd : the visual documentary, ISBN 0711941092
- Palacios, Julian (2001), Lost in the Woods: Syd Barrett and the Pink Floyd, ISBN 0752223283
- Randall, Mac (2000), Exit Music: The Radiohead Story, Delta, ISBN 0385333935
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pink Floyd |
- Pink Floyd's UK site
- Pink Floyd's US site
- David Gilmour Official Site
- Roger Waters Official Site
- Syd Barrett Official Site
- Pink Floyd at the Open Directory Project
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